Net Zero Energy Military Installations: A Guide to Assessment and Planning Samuel Booth, John Barnett, Kari Burman, Josh Hambrick and Robert Westby Technical Report NREL/TP-7A2-48876 August 2010 Net Zero Energy Military Installations: A Guide to Assessment and Planning Samuel Booth, John Barnett, Kari Burman, Josh Hambrick and Robert Westby Prepared under Task No. IDOD.1010 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 Technical Report NREL/TP-7A2-48876 August 2010 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. 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Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:reports@adonis.osti.gov Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Table of Contents Abstract . 1 1 Introduction: Net Zero Energy In DoD Context . 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 Getting Started . 10 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 Energy Baseline . 13 Greenhouse Gas Baseline . 15 Reducing Energy Demand by Engaging People . 18 Energy Efficiency Assessment . 21 Renewable Energy and Load Reduction Assessment . 26 6.1 6.2 7 8 Making the Case and Securing Leadership Support . 10 Establishing a Net Zero Energy Installation Team . 10 Defining the Project Boundaries. 11 Determining the Baseline . 13 3.1 3.2 4 5 6 Overview of DoD Energy Use. 2 Energy Strategies for DoD Installations: Key Considerations . 3 Net Zero Energy Installation Concept . 5 Net Zero Energy Assessment and Planning Approach . 7 Energy Project Screening. 26 Detailed Technical Assessment . 27 Transportation Assessment. 32 Electrical Systems Assessment . 37 8.1 8.2 Grid-Connected Operations: Impact Assessment . 37 Islanded Microgrid Assessment. 39 9 Energy Project and Implementation Recommendations. 43 10 Summary . 48 iii Table of Figures Figure 1: DoD energy use breakdown . 3 Figure 2: Key drivers of change in energy strategy . 3 Figure 3: Flow diagram of net zero energy assessment and implementation. 9 Figure 4: Flow diagram of the baseline process. 14 Figure 5: Common GHG emission sources and related scopes . 16 Figure 6: Main steps in an energy awareness campaign. 19 Figure 7: Sample energy awareness campaign material . 20 Figure 8: Baseline reduction process . 24 Figure 9: Solar pool heating system and solar photovoltaic system at Camp Pendleton, CA . 28 Figure 10: Solar ventilation preheating at Fort Carson, CO . 29 Figure 11: Wind turbines at a U.S. Navy installation, San Clemente Island, CA . 29 Figure 12: Sample fleet inventory data collection template . 33 Figure 13: Total AFV inventory of federal agencies . 34 Figure 14: Selected optimization results . 35 Figure 15: Sample microgrid design methodology . 41 Figure 16: Project development process overview . 46 Acronyms and Abbreviations AFV Btu CNG CSP DEW DoD DOE EERC EJV E.O. EPA ESPC EUI EUL FEMP FFV FY GHG HEV HOMER Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Light-emitting diode LED Liquefied natural gas LNG LPG Liquefied petroleum gas MCAS Marine Corps Air Station NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NEV Neighborhood electric vehicle NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NZEI Net Zero Energy Installation O&M Operations and maintenance OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense PPA Power purchase agreement PV Photovoltaic Renewable energy certificate REC Request for Information RFI RFP Request for Proposal RMPA Rocky Mountain Power Area SAM Solar Advisory Model SROPTTC Site, Resource, Off-take, Permits, Technology, Team, Capital Utility energy services contract UESC Western Electricity Coordinating WECC Council HVAC Alternative fuel vehicle British thermal unit Compressed natural gas Concentrating solar power Distributed Engineering Workstation U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Energy Energy Escalation Rate Calculator Energy joint venture Executive Order U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy savings performance contract Energy use index Enhanced use lease Federal Energy Management Program Flex fuel vehicle Fiscal year Greenhouse gas Hybrid electric vehicle Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables iv